The head of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Antonio Costa, recently visited Amsterdam on 24 April. Accompanied by some officials of the Netherlands Ministry of Health and of the City of Amsterdam and UNODC staff, he dropped in on the coffeeshop De Dampkring (the Atmosphere) and a user room (for inhalation and injection of heroin and cocaine). He wrote his personal account for his blog Costa’s corner but it was never published. Apparently it proved to be too controversial with his Dutch host. It now has popped up on the Transform drug policy blog and the ENCOD website.

The rumour is, according to Transform, that Costa presented the blog on his Amsterdam visit to his host, the Netherlands Ministry of Health, and that this report was considered unacceptable, and rejected by them. Costa had a previous collusion with the Dutch government when he accused the Netherlands of “poisoning the rest of Europe” with its amphetamine production. After a formal protest by the Dutch Government, Costa had to write a letter to apologize for his remarks. (See: Not so silent partners)

A lot of comments can be made about Costa’s observations, but I will limit it to the levels of cannabis use in Amsterdam, which according to Costa is “much higher in Amsterdam (almost 3 times more) than in the rest of the country.” The latest available figures (2005) indicate that last year cannabis use in the three large urban areas (Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague) are not “almost three times more” but two times more (the national average being 5.4 percent and 10.8 per cent in the three large cities). See: Nationaal Prevalentie Onderzoek Middelengebruik 2005

Costa also claims that “elsewhere in the world, the urban setting does not affect drug consumption rates.” It is unclear on which data he bases this claim. The research in the Netherlands indicate that higher consumption levels are not limited to Amsterdam, but to all the large urban areas. Many studies have concluded that variation in levels of use depend on many demographic variables. Costa also concludes that the city has a health problem caused by marijuana availability, as if every user has a health problem. There certainly is a problem with a small group of cannabis users, but that is a common issue in many urban settings and not in anyway specific to Amsterdam.

The background of his remarks is that the UNODC is preparing a discussion paper on this issue, to be published soon, which will conclude: “availability causes use.” However, that is a very limited question. The real question should not just be whether there is a correlation between availability and use, but also whether there is a correlation between criminalization and availability.

Costa already answers this question: “The percentage of people (aged 15-65) who consume cannabis at least once a year (5.4%) is above the global average (3.9%), though much lower than, say, Spain and Italy (11.2%) or Canada (17%).” The latter being countries that have not decriminalized cannabis possession. According to the EMCDDA annual report last month prevalence (the most reliable measurement for regular use) in the Netherlands as a whole is 3.3 per cent. (Figures about large urban areas are not available). That is lower than in Spain (8.7 per cent), Italy (5.8 per cent), the United Kingdom (5.2 per cent), France (4.8 per cent), the Czech Republic (4.8 per cent), Luxembourg (4 per cent), Austria (3.8 per cent) and Germany (3.4 per cent). In other words, in Europe as a whole last month prevalence is generally higher than in the Netherlands. (See: Last month prevalence of drug use among in nationwide surveys among the general population). In other words: criminalization does not reduce availability and use.

Below is the text of Costa's lost blog:

Amsterdam: City of Tolerance is Tightening the Rules

Amsterdam is famous for its business wealth, world-class museums, canals, ubiquitous bicycle riders and care-free lifestyle – as well as for its red light district and marijuana coffee-shops. Since my Office is responsible for drug control and crime prevention (including fighting human trafficking), I decided to learn more about the facts – rather than the myths – surrounding the cannabis and sex trades in this wonderfully unique city. Thanks to the generous hospitality of Mayor Job Cohen and his staff, with colleagues from the Office I made a study tour of the city, with a full programme of meetings, lectures, presentations and on sight visits.
 
Back in Vienna, so many images of this fascinating city stick in my mind: the beautiful Rijksmuseum, the phantasmagoria of tulips, the historic bridges and the richly decorated houses overlooking the canals. But also the sights and the smells of drug coffee shops, especially the one I was invited to visit (featured in the movie Ocean’s 12).  Its jolly owner -- who said (and one could tell) he had personally tested all his products -- proudly showed me a colourful marijuana menu, that he compared it to a wine list, emblazoned with colourful graphics and vivid jargon. On offer were hashish products, ranging from the expensive Dutch-produced full and rich Water Works (at 50 euro a gramm) recommended only to experienced smokers, to the cheaper black Lala Hasna from Morocco, graded very strong stoned. There were also varieties of marijuana like the very strong, clear high Mexican Haze, the sweet & fruity Love Potion no. 5, and a cheap mellow & spicy Laughing Buddha.
 
That was about drugs.  What about sex?
 
Equally unforgettable were Amsterdam’s sex windows (450), its brothels (30) and escort agencies (120).  I recall, just facing our boat’s embarcadero, one house with 3 such windows and as many scantly clad prostitutes soliciting their bodies – right next to a kindergarten, and across the street from one of Amsterdam’s most beautiful churches. Throughout the red light  district a great variety of skin colours, ages, sizes and shapes were on offer (apparently there are around 8,000 sex workers). I cannot say much about the prices and types of services as we did not walk into any of these joints or speak with any of the women for rent, but the sex market seemed thriving.  More than once I saw male clients, after some hesitation in front of the merchandise on display (sorry: in front of the girls), walk in – and the window curtain immediately pulled shut.

A libertine city?

A convincing model?

Of course, a closer scrutiny of the drug prevalence numbers, their causes and implications is needed, and we are undertaking it at UNODC. A few facts struck me, however.  First, the marijuana coffee shops concept is logically flawed, as owners buy the drug illegally in bulk from traffickers and then sell it legally at retail.  Second, these are licensed shops that sell an internationally controlled (i.e. illicit) drug: hence the complaints from neighbouring countries that drug tourism is encouraged.  Third, as the EU smoking ban in public places comes into effect on 1 July, Dutch citizens will face the bizarre situation of being allowed to smoke a cannabis joint, but not allowed to smoke a cigarette in a coffee shop.  Does all this make sense to you?

Why such a tolerant attitude towards cannabis?

We asked, and were told, that in 1976 the Netherlands passed an updated Opium Act that bans drug use (in line with the UN drug control Conventions). The Act makes a distinction between hard and soft drugs, although neither is legal (the soft/hard distinction is not sanctioned in the UN Conventions). Nevertheless, and following a policy of dedoogbeleid (tolerance), marijuana coffee shops – which, according to the International Narcotics Control Board violate the UN Conventions – are allowed to sell cannabis under specific conditions (no more than 5 grams per person, no patrons under the age of 18, no more than 500 grams kept in the coffee shop, etc). The goal, as described to me, is to separate the market between more and less harmful drugs, curb street dealing of cannabis, and keep its users in the mainstream of society.
 
What are the results?

A fundamental principle in economic science is that supply and price of a product affect its demand.  With cannabis legally and plentifully available, its use is much higher in Amsterdam (almost 3 times more) than in the rest of the country (note: 80% of Dutch municipalities do not allow the sale of marijuana).  Furthermore, in Amsterdam marijuana consumption is well above EU averages – and these figures do not count the tourists. An urban problem?  Hardly so:  there is no difference in the rates of marijuana use between London and the rest of the UK, or between Washington DC and the rest of the USA.  Elsewhere in the world, the urban setting does not affect drug consumption rates: why should it affect Amsterdam? To conclude, the city has a health problem caused by marijuana availability, and this could get worse as cannabis becomes more potent.
 
We asked plenty of questions, and were given lots of information from open, friendly and well-prepared experts, willing to engage in debate in a most courteous and constructive way.  Everything that we learned, and the conclusions we shall draw from it, will add to UNODC’s research on different approaches to drug control around the world.     
 
Tightening the rules

Most importantly, we were told that Amsterdam is taking measures to reduce the number of coffee shops and sex clubs, to reflect policy and attitude changes about both.  Country-wide, the number of coffee shops has dropped by a third in the past decade: the number of people seeking treatment for cannabis-related health problems has doubled in the same period.  (Note:  there were 729 coffee shops in the Netherlands in 2005, of which 226 are in Amsterdam.)  We were told that the downward trend will continue.  Tougher actions are also envisaged against people involved with drugs who cause public nuisance.  I was happy to visit a care centre for addicts, serviced by dedicated staff with big hearts and an extraordinary sense of friendship.
 
We were told that the government is also contemplating a ban on grow-shops and magic mushrooms, and is moving marijuana coffee shops farther away from schools. (Note: the Maastricht town council is even looking at ways of restricting access to marijuana shops to residents, as a way of preventing drug tourism and related complaints by neighbours). I was also interested to hear that the government plans to publish a comprehensive evaluation of the national drugs policy in spring 2009, that will “look at the effectiveness of the policy of tolerance, make a risk assessment of the damaging effects of cannabis, and focus attention on the social impact of drugs.”
 
What about the sex trade?

All over the world the drug and the sex trades go together, often accompanied by violence and crime:  hence former Secretary General Kofi Annan’s decision to established UNODC (in 1997) to deal with them all.  Not surprisingly Amsterdam is also tightening policy regarding sexual exploitation and prostitution (which has been legal since 2000:  the only city in the world).  The municipality is carrying out large scale urban renewal in parts of the red light district. One of the more striking projects is to buy up canal-front properties formerly used as brothels, and rent them out to fashion designers. It is a bit eerie, yet effective, to see well-dressed mannequins (from top designers) in the same windows that until recently exhibited undressed women. Still, the city admits to problems in combating human trafficking and the booming escort services (Note: the latter have doubled since 1999 and now employ 1000-1200 women and men).  
 
We visited a newly opened counselling centre for prostitutes.  I was impressed by the efforts social workers are putting into remedial actions to rescue victims of human trafficking who are trapped in rooms not much bigger than the size of a bed, behind oversized street windows.
 
A hunch and a wish

Amsterdam deserves credit for its focus on evidence-based policy on drugs and sexual exploitation – and for the wisdom to adapt local regulations as needs arise.
 
My hunch is that the progressive tightening will continue and address the health risks of increasingly potent cannabis (its psycho-active component, THC, is more than 15%, as against the 2-3% when I was a Berkeley flower kid).  It is also looking at better protection of the increasing number of trafficked women.  My wish is to see this process of change well documented so that, first, the myths about Amsterdam’s drug and sex trades are dispelled and, second, useful lessons are learned by other administrations.
 
PS:  Mayor Job Cohen is not elected (he is government-appointed) and I’m not a Dutch citizen.  Should these two impediments be removed, next time around I would vote for him.