reclassification

  • The largest study to date confirms that ketamine — a “club drug” that is also legally used as an anesthetic — could be a quick and effective way to relieve depression. The results were presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association and represent growing excitement about ketamine’s potential. The study included 72 patients who had previously failed to respond to at least two other medications. Ketamine— and similar drugs currently being tested by pharmaceutical companies could help relieve suffering faster and potentially reduce the suicide risk associated with the mood disorder.

  • The article reviews the status of khat, the most recent plant based psychoactive substance to reach a global market, and considers policy making processes in general and the framework of drug control in particular. The risk assessment and classification of psychoactive drugs is a contested arena where political, economic and moral agendas collide, leaving countries that have banned khat, with significant social costs. To best manage the risks arising from the increasing availability of khat it is therefore suggested to draft a regulatory framework with clear objectives and guiding principles.

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  • bolivia coca produccionThe coca leaf has been a staple in Andean communities for centuries, serving as a source of nutrition, as an aide for altitude adjustment, and as an energy boost. However, despite its many benefits, coca is still widely associated with its illegal derivative, cocaine. This association has led to a prohibition on the international trade of coca, holding back the coca leaf’s potential to help countries in need. Yet, the coca leaf could be at the centre of a global crop resurgence if we just take the steps needed to free it. Coca-based organic fertilisers, developed in Colombia, are an innovative, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic versions. 

  • us flag cannabis capitolPresident Biden pardoned thousands of people convicted of marijuana possession under federal law and said his administration would review whether marijuana should still be in the same legal category as drugs like heroin and LSD. The pardons will clear everyone convicted on federal charges of simple possession since it became a crime in the 1970s. Officials said full data was not available but noted that about 6,500 people were convicted of simple possession between 1992 and 2021, not counting legal permanent residents. The pardons will also affect people who were convicted under District of Columbia drug laws; officials estimated that number to be in the thousands. Biden urged governors to follow his lead for people convicted on state charges of simple possession, who vastly outnumber those charged under federal laws.

  • us capitol cannabisEl presidente de Estados Unidos, Joe Biden, ha anunciado que perdona todas las condenas federales leves por posesión de marihuana. La medida, cargada de simbolismo, allana el camino hacia la despenalización total del uso del cannabis en el país, que ya es legal en muchos Estados: 37 han aprobado su uso médico; y en 19 está autorizado también su uso recreativo entre los adultos. Las autoridades calculan que esos indultos afectarán a unas 6.500 personas, condenadas por la ley federal entre 1992 y 2021, así como a otras miles en el Distrito de Columbia, el que alberga Washington. Nadie está cumpliendo ahora mismo una pena en una prisión federal por estos delitos leves, pero muchos sí cargan con antecedentes por esos motivos, lo que puede suponer un obstáculo para obtener un trabajo o acceder a una vivienda.

  • coca in handLa hoja de coca carga con el estigma de ser ingrediente esencial para la fabricación de cocaína. Desde 1961 fue declarada como un estupefaciente ilegal por la convención de las Naciones Unidas, junto a la cocaína, el opio, la heroína y otras drogas sintéticas. Bolivia se adhirió a la convención bajo la condición de excluir el mascado de las hojas en todo su territorio. Más de 60 años después de la convención, el presidente de Bolivia, Luis Arce, ha anunciado una campaña para desclasificar la hoja de coca como estupefaciente, lo que abriría las puertas a su comercio legal. (Véase también: El Gobierno busca ‘desclasificar’ la coca de la lista de estupefacientes de la ONU | Bolivia buscará la desclasificación de la hoja de coca como estupefaciente)

  • In January 2019 the World Health Organization issued a collection of formal recommendations to reschedule cannabis and cannabis-related substances, these present an opportunity for African governments and civil society to further decolonise drug control approaches on the continent, as well as to strengthen the international legal basis for emerging medicinal cannabis programmes in several African countries.

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  • In the context of a fast changing and well documented market in legal highs, the case of khat (Catha edulis) provides an interesting anomaly. It is first of all a plant-based substance that undergoes minimal transformation or processing in the journey from farm to market. Secondly, khat has been consumed for hundreds if not thousands of years in the highlands of Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia. In European countries, khat use was first observed during the 1980s, but has only attracted wider attention in recent years.

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    application-pdfPersverklaring (PDF in Dutch)

  • khatmanKhat has been consumed for hundreds if not thousands of years in the highlands of Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia. Outside that area, khat use was first observed during the 1980s, but has only attracted wider attention in recent years. Where khat has been studied extensively, namely Australia, the UK and until recently the Netherlands, governments have steered clear of prohibition because the negative medical and social harms do not merit such controls. Where strict bans on khat have been introduced they have had severe unintended negative consequences and failed to further the integration, social incusion and economic prosperity of Somali communities in particular, which chew khat most widely. Experi­ences fromNorth America andScandi­navia show that a ban will not solve problems associated with kath but tend to increase them.

  • coca-in-handMany myths surround coca. Every day press accounts around the world use the word coca in their headlines, when they refer in fact to cocaine. TNI's Drugs and Democracy Team expose the myths and reality surrounding the coca leaf.

    See also: Fact Sheet: Coca leaf and the UN Drugs Conventions

  • bolivia coca mercadoEn marzo de 2023, durante la sesión 66 de la Comisión de Estupefacientes (CND), el órgano rector de la Oficina de Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC), encargado de supervisar la aplicación de los tratados de fiscalización de drogas de las Naciones Unidas, Bolivia y Colombia presentaron la solicitud de  revisar la clasificación de la hoja de la coca. El debate que emerge de la solicitud de Bolivia y Colombia gira en torno al nexo entre la hoja de coca y la elaboración de la cocaína,  porque ésta se deriva de la hoja, que contiene aproximadamente un 1% de cocaína. Hoy en día,  en nombre de los derechos humanos fundamentales, se está exigiendo la protección de las comunidades indígenas en cuanto a su particular y tradicional uso de la hoja de coca.

  • cannabis-cultThe Obama administration has denied a bid by two Democratic governors to reconsider how it treats marijuana under federal drug control laws, keeping the drug for now in the most restrictive category for U.S. law enforcement purposes. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) chief Chuck Rosenberg says the decision is rooted in science. Rosenberg gave "enormous weight" to conclusions by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that marijuana has "no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States". (See also: DEA decides not to loosen restrictions on marijuana, keeping it schedule 1 (with heroin))

  • coca celebration cochabambaEn 2019, aparte de celebrarse los diez años de la Constitución (7-9 de febrero de 2009), también se cumple una década desde que el país empezara la acción internacional por la despenalización de la hoja de coca. Como un efecto directo de la Constitución, que en su artículo 384 establece la protección estatal de la “coca originaria y ancestral” y su “revalorización, producción, comercialización e industrialización”, el 12 de marzo de 2009  “la Misión Permanente de Bolivia ante las Naciones Unidas hace llegar al Secretario General (Ban Ki Moon) una nota verbal”, junto a una carta del presidente Evo Morales, donde en lo básico pide eliminar “los incisos 2e) y 1c) del artículo 49 de la Convención Única de las Naciones Unidas sobre Estupefacientes de 1961”.

  • La Constitución marca el inicio de un nuevo paradigma para la coca, lo que se concretó con la denuncia de Bolivia a la Convención Única de 1961 y su readhesión en 2013, bajo la reserva sobre el derecho al uso tradicional, ritual, cultural y medicinal de la planta en su estado natural. Esta reserva nos obliga a establecer mecanismos de control sobre el cultivo para prevenir la producción ilícita de estupefacientes extraíbles de la hoja. Así nace en 2017 la Ley General de Coca, para regular la cadena de producción solo en territorio local, lo que dificulta la apertura de mercados internacionales. El artículo 12 de la Ley de Coca cita como prioridad nacional su exportación.

  • un logo cannabisThe United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) was set to hold a significant vote to reclassify cannabis as a medicine, a historic change to international drug control treaties drafted nearly sixty years ago. But that vote isn’t happening, according to a draft decision. “After politically tense and lengthy informal negotiations these past weeks, everything points to that there will not be a vote on any of the WHO recommendations this coming week,” Martin Jelsma, the program director for drugs and democracy at the Transnational Institute (TNI), said. "Several countries pushed hard to vote on and accept at least the deletion of cannabis from Schedule IV of the Single Convention, but in the end agreed to a compromise to postpone all, in return for a clear timeline for taking a vote within a year."

  • David Choquehuanca CND 2023Lo que sucedió en el 66º Periodo de Sesiones de la Comisión de Estupefacientes de las Naciones Unidas, en Viena (Austria), es histórico: después de 62 años de vigencia de la Convención Única de Estupefacientes de 1961, en la que desde el principio, en la primera lista de cuatro, la hoja de coca está catalogada como estupefaciente, el país anunció que en dos meses (en mayo) presentará el pedido oficial de revisar la calificación de la hoja de coca como una forma de droga: “Bolivia solicitará a las Naciones Unidas, a la Convención de 1961, a activar el proceso de examen crítico de la actual clasificación de la hoja de coca como estupefaciente en la Lista 1”, anunció el vicepresidente David Choquehuanca.

  • coca-in-handSon muchos los mitos en torno a la coca. Día tras día, los titulares de prensa de todo el mundo utilizan la palabra coca cuando se refieren, en realidad, a la cocaína. El equipo de Drogas y Democracia del TNI desvela los principales mitos y realidades sobre la hoja de coca.

    Ficha informativa: la hoja de coca y las convenciones de la ONU

  • cannabis plant4La falta de acuerdo entre los países miembros aboca a la Comisión de Estupefacientes de la ONU (CND) a un nuevo aplazamiento de su decisión sobre la propuesta de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) de rebajar la fiscalización internacional del cannabis para facilitar su uso medicinal. La presidencia del 63 periodo de sesiones del CND ha presentado una propuesta para que sea aprobada en la mañana de este miércoles por el plenario reunido en Viena en la que insta a aplazar la votación hasta el mes de diciembre a fin de "aclarar las repercusiones y consecuencias" de las recomendaciones de la OMS. Éste es el segundo aplazamiento de la votación sobre la rebaja de la fiscalización internacional.

  • Compared to other recreational drugs -- including alcohol -- marijuana may be even safer than previously thought. And researchers may be systematically underestimating risks associated with alcohol use. Those are the topline findings of recent research published in the journal Scientific Reports. Researchers found that at the level of individual use, alcohol was the deadliest substance, followed by heroin and cocaine.

  • On 1 November 2018, the UK changed the law on medicinal cannabis. Medicinal cannabis products were moved from schedule 1, meaning they have no medicinal value, to schedule 2, which allowed doctors to prescribe them under certain circumstances. This change to the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 was partly a response to a rapid evidence review by the chief medical officer, which concluded that some medicinal cannabis products were effective for some medical conditions, and partly due to formal advice from the government’s Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs to change the schedule. Since the rescheduling, many NHS patients have been frustrated by what they see as a slow and bureaucratic system that has denied them access to cannabis treatments.